The Second Amendment Of United Nations Constitution

1. Fourth Amendment: Under the fourth amendment of United Nations constitution the people have a right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures. Warrants would not be issued, unless based on a cause and supported by an oath or affirmation with detailed description of the place to be searched and the things or persons to be seized. The aim of this amendment is to protect the right to privacy of the people and freedom of intrusions from government. Any private intrusions not acting under governmental authority are exempted from this amendment. Protection under fourth amendment can only be waived if the person voluntarily allows or does object the evidence collected during a search or seizure without a warrant. Under the fourth amendment a search occurs when a government agent or employee violates an individual’s expectation of privacy. Given a justified cause and conducted in a reasonable manner strip searches and body cavity searches constitute reasonable search under fourth amendment. For a seizure of a person the following two elements must be present. First the police officer must show an authority like presence of handcuffs, weapons or use of forceful language. Second, the person who is being seized must surrender to the authority. An arrest warrant may not be required to make a lawful arrest under this amendment. It may be later justified with a probable cause. Causes like the police officer has aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Framers View of the Constitution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferently. It has been our desire since the infancy of our nation to create the most uniquely successful geographical brotherhood that had ever been witnessed. This began with the â€Å"city on a hill†, was fueled by the American Revolution, but was culminated by the United States Constitution. 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Spel Case Free Essays

After killing the friend who was left with the shortest straw, the remaining plunders are rescued a couple weeks later and shared their story with their community. The friends are soon met with charges of homicide and disapproval from the public for their lack of moral awareness. This essay will argue that murder is Justifiable when the reality of grim conditions exists. We will write a custom essay sample on Spel Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequences from such an action do not come to mind when decisions are based solely on emotions and not made with morals and ethical obligations set by society. The spelunkers depended on the murder of one of their friends in order to survive. In a normal situation, these friends would never purposely hurt, let alone ill, one another. The Intent of the person killing Is something to consider. When confronted with the dilemma of having Limited resources, killing each other was the only option for food. The special circumstance these friends were faced with, led too violent act of survival. The spelunkers waited a week after being trapped before normally commit, but cannibalism is something they would not practice either. The thought of eating human flesh to the average person is not desirable. But when put in extenuating circumstances, the reasonable person would do anything in order to live. The immense amount of pressure the friends experienced in making this decision was heightened by the hunger in their bellies and the fear in their hearts. Still, aggression and violence is usually associated with murder. That is not the case in this situation. There was no plan to purposefully and maliciously kill one of their friends before they were trapped. Death was the inevitable future of the four friends and the act of killing the randomly chosen friend brought that reality forward. The system that the spelunkers chose in picking who would die for the greater good of the group was a fair method. One person was not singled out to be killed for any other reason besides having the shortest straw and to be the emergency food source. This is validates that killing one of their friends was only to increase their chances of living. Murder, even though a drastic measure to survive, was absolutely necessary due to the reality of their dire situation. Once the spelunkers were caved in, the reality of their fate was sealed and the probability of surviving this disastrous event was unlikely. The friends had no idea that a trip full of adventure and fun would lead to such a tragic decision. When the subject of reality comes up, the idea of life and existence follows. Human beings have instincts that help them adapt and thrive in unfortunate mishaps. When lives are threatened or challenged, the truth is, people will do anything in their power to save themselves. The case of the spelunkers is no different. Even though the idea of having to kill and eat their friend is unwelcome, it was the best option for survival. There are some things in life that are uncontrollable and the natural occurrence of a cave-in is Just that. The spelunkers had no connection to the outside world and the session to kill and eat another human was made in the security of their own world, away from the rules of society. Though unintentional, the reality of the spelunkers’ situation led to an irreversible decision, in which the consequences were an afterthought. Consequences usually have a negative connotation associated with them. The dire circumstances in which the friends were in, led them to make choices in order to survive. The repercussions the three friends would face were an afterthought in light of trying to survive. In the moment of making the decision to kill another human eyeing, the last thing on their minds was what people would think of them afterwards. They were simply trying to live. Instead of being regarded as brave and courageous in the eye of death, the remaining spelunkers were shamed and ostracizes from society for killing their friend. To be snubbed by the community where one lives is very difficult to process, especially after the ordeal they Just went through. Then to be categorized as murderers and charged with homicide is unfair. The rules of law should not apply to special circumstances like the case of the spelunkers. If the here friends had not killed their friend and ate him, they would not be alive to tell their story. The consequences of being shunned by the community and being charged with murder, though unanticipated, undoubtedly stirred up emotions of guilt and shame for doing what they needed to do in order to survive. Tit feelings such as fear, despair, or hopelessness, the human mind can make decisions it would not normally. The spelunkers went through a spectrum of emotions before and after the killing of their friend. Being presented with such a calamitous situation, such as being trapped in a cave, can induce a state of panic and anxiety. As much as the four friends wanted to stay calm and wait p atiently for help, the idea of dying was too frightening. The simple fear of not being able to survive due to limited resources prompted the idea of drawing straws. After the straws were drawn, reality set in that one of them would be eaten. And for the three friends to not feel remorse or guilt after killing their friend was nearly impossible. This act was not an easy one and the remorse and guilt will not go away. Without the sacrifice of the friend who died, none of the men would be alive. The friends are grateful and appreciative for their friend’s sacrifice for them to live, yet sad and remorseful that their situation led them to that conclusion. Since the spelunkers were faced with fear they may not live, they acted with their emotions instead of the morals they would have normally abided by in everyday life. Having morals helps people chose from right and wrong doings. For the most part, the majority of humans would not result to violence or murder in a normal, everyday circumstance. There must be a catalyst for such behavior. In the case of the spelunkers, their feelings superseded moral consideration based on the fear of death. The emotionally charged spelunkers thought with their hearts and not with their minds. So is the difference between emotions and morals. The friendships that the four men shared were strong and the loyalty they had to one another was proven by the participation in drawing straws. This moral dilemma was the ultimate test of the bond the friends shared. The three friends should not be held responsible for murder based on their limited options of survival. The men’s’ morals did not come into consideration when trying to fight to stay alive. Though the decision to kill their friend for the benefit of the group’s survival is questionable, the spelunkers should not be charged with homicide. Killing someone under any other circumstance is a plausible reason to arrest and charge someone of murder. But the reality of the situation is, if the spelunkers had enough resources and if emotions such as fear for survival did not exist, murder would not have occurred because their morals would tell them that the consequences for such action, such as the absence of their friend, being charged for murder, and being ostracizes, was not worth it. The truth is, the spelunkers had no other choice but to omit this powerful act if they wanted to stay alive. And, if they had not killed their friend, four people would be dead instead of Just one person. Every day, people are faced with moral dilemmas and controversial subject matters. Those people are no different than the spelunkers. Although the circumstances surrounding this controversy are not a normal, fear can drive people to do things they would not typically do. If the roles were reverse and if anyone else were in the place of the spelunkers, it would be a challenge for people to accept death without trying everything they could to survive. How to cite Spel Case, Papers

The Journal of Psychology Dispositional Optimism

Question: Describe about the Mediating role of coping in the dispositional optimismposttraumatic growth relation in breast cancer patients? Answer: The optimism is the confidence and hopefulness about the success of some future activities. It is a psychological viewpoint or attitude that indicates the best possible outcomes from any given situation. It is usually referred to the dispositional optimism (Tindle et al., 2012). In this paper, the major focus is to discuss the effects of optimism in on the physical and psychological health based on two selected articles on the physical and psychological health as the result of optimism. In the first article by Leung et al. (2015), the authors focused on the relationship between general health and psychological distress of breast cancer patients. It has been reviewed by Ikeda et al. (2011) that, optimism is one of the key drivers of the enhanced survival of the patients suffering from breast cancer. The authors aimed to analyze the association of optimism with the psychological distress of the women suffering from the breast cancer and their general health. In this context, authors collected data from nationally representative sample of 12255 women in Scottish Health Survey. As per the data, 11960 were control patients and 295 were breast cancer patients (Leung et al., 2015). They analyzed the data with the explanatory variables including optimism and general health. Additionally, the symptoms of psychological distress were analyzed as the outcome variables. The result showed superior levels of optimism with lower psychological distress in control and breast cancer g roups while analyzed in an unadjusted model (Ramirez-Maestre, Esteve Lopez, 2012). In contrast, when these data were analyzed through the adjusted model with general health, the control group showed lower psychological distress with optimism and in the breast cancer set, the reduced general health was associated with psychological distress. In this context, this article highlighted that the optimism is an important factor affecting the psychological well-being of people. In the normal condition, it is revealed that optimism helps to enhance the psychological well-being of people (Ikeda et al., 2011). Therefore, the more people will be familiar with optimism the more they will be psychological fit. In contrast, in the case of breast cancer patient, it has been understood that optimism in health care intervention can enhance the psychological well-being of the breast cancer patients, thereby enhancing their survivals. However, in the case of breast cancer patient or the patients suffering from any critical disorders, the psychological health is strongly related to th eir general health (BuyukaÃ…Å ¸ik-olak, Gundogdu-Aktuirk Bozo, 2012). Therefore, though the psychological health can be improved through the optimism, the general health or physical health might be unpredictable. Therefore, this article revealed that the psychological health could be improved through the high optimism. In another study by Goodin Bulls (2013) focused on the effect of optimism on the physical health and well-being of people. The major focus of this study was to relate the optimism with the experience of pain and the benefits of pain. Some existing literatures supported the health-promoting effects of an optimistic personality disposition. These effects have been observed through different physical and psychological dimensions. In this context, this article presented the review of different kinds of literature for identifying the link between the pain and optimism. In this case, the article revealed that better management of acute as well as chronic pains are associated with the better optimism and influence the patients to have positive experiences related to pain (Goodin Bulls, 2013). However, the associations among the pain outcomes and optimism are recent topic of research, but the recent and emerging clinical research outcomes and experimental data found strong links within the optimism and lowered pain sensitivity. Some literatures reveled that, the better adjustments of the patients with chronic pain (BuyukaÃ…Å ¸ik-olak, Gundogdu-Aktuirk Bozo, 2012). The literature review found recent studies examining the effects of optimism on the pain experience with samples healthy samples in laboratory settings and the samples with clinically painful situations. From this paper, it has been revealed that optimism is a positive factor that influences the positive experience of physical illness like pain. It helps to promote better management of pain, thereby enhancing the benefits of care practices. Therefore, from this article, it has been revealed that there are a number of factors contributing to the effects of optimism on the benefits of pain-related care plans, these include hope, acceptance, catastrophizing and coping strategies (Goodin Bulls, 2013). These two articles showed that, in both physical and psychological well-being, optimism has a significant role. It has been revealed that supportive care interventions, advice and supportive environment should be provided by the health care team while working with a patient with psychological or physical illness for enhancing their optimism. Especially, in the case of end-life care, optimism is a major factor enhancing the benefits of health care outcomes. Therefore, these two articles revealed the significant positive effect of optimism upon physical and psychological health. Reference List BuyukaÃ…Å ¸ik-olak, C., Gundogdu-Aktuirk, E., Bozo, O. (2012). Mediating role of coping in the dispositional optimismposttraumatic growth relation in breast cancer patients.The Journal of psychology,146(5), 471-483. Goodin, B. R., Bulls, H. W. (2013). Optimism and the experience of pain: benefits of seeing the glass as half full.Current pain and headache reports,17(5), 1-9. Ikeda, A., Schwartz, J., Peters, J. L., Fang, S., Spiro III, A., Sparrow, D., ... Kubzansky, L. D. (2011). Optimism in relation to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in older men: the VA Normative Aging Study.Psychosomatic medicine,73(8), 664-671. Leung, J., Atherton, I., Kyle, R. G., Hubbard, G., McLaughlin, D. (2015). Psychological distress, optimism and general health in breast cancer survivors: a data linkage study using the Scottish Health Survey.Supportive Care in Cancer, 1-7. Ramirez-Maestre, C., Esteve, R., Lopez, A. E. (2012). The role of optimism and pessimism in chronic pain patients adjustment.The Spanish journal of psychology,15(01), 286-294. Tindle, H., Belnap, B. H., Houck, P. R., Mazumdar, S., Scheier, M. F., Matthews, K. A., ... Rollman, B. L. (2012). Optimism, response to treatment of depression, and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.Psychosomatic medicine,74(2), p. 200.